After confronting the Big Lebowski about his rug and then absconding with a replacement from the millionaire’s house, the Dude was called by Brandt for a consultation about the kidnapping of the Big L’s wife Bunny and to enlist the services of the Dude. Within the context of this consultation the Dude posed this question to Brandt, “You think the carpet pissers did this?” To which Brandt replied, “Well Dude, we just don’t know!”
The Dude found himself faced with a problem of epistemology not unlike that faced by many in this country; a problem that is clearly exacerbated by the war of words being waged, or perhaps more accurately “raged”, by the American news media. With something as sacred as the first amendment at stake, the idealist would expect to find a bit more objective reporting and substantially less exaggeration of the facts. But we don’t live in an ideal world and the reality is that the news media is far less interested in truth than in making embellished headlines that capture the attention of readers by fanning the flames of whatever controversy may be currently in vogue.
If one were to look back over the last several decades, say since the time of President John F. Kennedy, who was also a journalist, it would be easy to conclude there has been a gradual, albeit radical, shift in how news is reported in this country as journalism has followed a progressive slippery slope away from objective journalistic style toward a more tabloid form of news. I think that is an accurate description of the current state of news reporting in this country. For example, if the news media had acted in the time of Kennedy like they do today, his many dalliances would have been exposed long before he passed into history as one of the few American Presidents who was assassinated.
However, if you look back just a little further in American history, say to the latter part of the 19th century, you might be surprised to find that the nature of news reporting was not much different from what we see today.
Several years ago I became enamored of the Legendary Wyatt Earp and did some extensive reading on his life and times. To say he was a controversial historical character is a bit of an understatement. To say that he, or at least his legend, inspired a cottage industry would be completely accurate. Multitudes of books, movies, and television shows have attempted to portray the romanticized images of the Old West and the American gunslinger that were spawned by his legend. John Wayne once revealed that he had personally met Wyatt Earp and that he copied the verbal styles and the body language of Wyatt Earp in his portrayal of the characters he played in western movies.
However, many of the books written about Wyatt Earp present competing and conflicting views of him and his legend that have existed since before the time of the O.K. Corral. Some attempt to portray him as an honorable and selfless law enforcement officer who fearlessly faced down the criminal elements of his time. Others present him from the perspective of the Clanton family and the Cowboys that Wyatt Earp so famously tracked down and murdered in a vendetta that was retaliation for what they did to his brothers, Virgil and Morgan. If you are interested in a more balanced treatment of the myths and legends surrounding Wyatt Earp, I highly recommend the book by Casey Tefertiller, “Wyatt Earp: The Life Behind the Legend”, John Wiley & Sons, 1997.
Another author who sheds some light on the life and times of Wyatt Earp is Jeff Guinn who wrote, “The Last Gunfight: The Real Story of the Shootout at the O.K. Corral – And How it Changed the American West”, Simon & Schuster, 2011. I am always suspect of an author, writing more than 100 years after the facts of an event, who claims to have “the real story”. Guinn does attempt to argue that his book is based on new evidence that was discovered subsequent to the publication of Tefertiller’s work (see Note on Sources in Guinn, page 322ff).
However, an objective reader might conclude about Guinn’s work that it is essentially a rehash of the disputed facts regarding the events of the O.K. Corral and offers little that is new to those arguments. What Guinn does provide is some insight into the socio-political dynamics of the times. He characterizes those dynamics as a continuation of the conflicts between the South, who were predominantly Democrat and the North that was mostly Republican.
The reader has to keep in mind that the events of the O.K. Corral took place within a decade or so of the end of the Civil War and the socio-political tensions associated with that national conflict did not end with the war. Guinn writes that the Democrats came west to escape the dominance of the North only to find that the Republicans were already setting and enforcing the laws in the western territories. So there was an innate rivalry between the cowboys, miners, and law men that was fueled by basic values. The Clanton’s, the cowboys, and Sheriff Johnny Behan were all Democrats, whereas the Earp’s, their associates, and financial backers, were Republicans.
What Tefertiller highlights in his historical treatment of the legend is the role and influence of the newspapers (e.g., the news media sources) on the conflicts that arose in Tombstone at the time that culminated in the shootout at the O.K. Corral. Here is an excerpt from Tefertiller’s book that illustrates the point: “Frontier journalism was rife with political partisanship; reporting and analysis were often highly biased. Newspapers had a great impact on the beliefs of the frontier populace. They were both a lifeline to the outside world and a barometer of public opinion. Editorials influenced how the citizenry would view major issues. Just about everyone who could read scanned a newspaper, and the literacy rate on the frontier was probably higher than it is more than a century later” (page 81).
Tefertiller goes on to explain that the local newspaper called the “Nugget”, which was tacitly Democrat, and its competitor, the “Epitaph”, each had a unique approach to how they presented the news. Tombstone was primarily a mining town that depended heavily on big outside investors from around the country. These investors were not eager to read about the antics of the cowboys that might be putting their capital in jeopardy. On the other hand, the cowboys posed a real threat to the community due to their various criminal activities.
In their news reports, the Nugget”, in order to avoid discouraging future investments in Tombstone, downplayed the antics of the cowboys and made them seem like playful rogues instead of true desperadoes. The more Republican, law-and-order loving, “Epitaph”, on the other hand, sensationalized the cowboy depredations, calling for strict law enforcement to make the district safe in order to lure greater investment. These socio-political differences between the competing news organizations played a distinct role in how the legend of Wyatt Earp was shaped and whether he was viewed as famous or infamous.
Nowhere is this more evident than in the news reports about the events of the O.K. Corral and the subsequent legal proceedings that followed that shootout. The “Nugget” presented those events from the perspective of Ike Clanton and the “Epitaph” presented it from the perspective of the Earp’s. The court of public opinion was divided and the ultimate result was a hung jury that left the questions of Wyatt Earp’s character unresolved.
The disputes about the character of Wyatt Earp plagued him all his life and he spent the last half of it attempting to counter and overcome the character assassinations he had endured through the various media sources as a result of the Tombstone events. In his later years, he worked with various authors attempting to get his story out for public consumption and to ensure his legacy represented his version of those events.
This all presents some fascinating parallels and similarities to what we see in the news media today. The legend of Donald Trump (even if it is only in his own mind) preceded his ascent to the presidency. He was famous long before he became President of the United States. During the campaigns the media could not give him enough publicity. He said and did unorthodox things and every day in the news, it was all about Trump or what he was saying about the other candidates. The media gave him so much bad press they were shocked to their cores in disbelief when he won the election. Since he took office the daily news is still all about Trump, but it has a qualitatively different character; it is mean-spirited, aggressive, and pejorative in nature.
Trump showed the news media disrespect; he called them out. He even accused them of putting out fake news. The result has been a daily onslaught against his character, his campaign, his presidency, and those associated with him. The news daily reports that “sources”, albeit never named, and always close to either the administration, or the investigation, have disclosed information to the news media suggesting that Trump and/or his associates are or have been engaged in nefarious activities. Yet no one, except those actually directly involved in any such conversations, could have any knowledge of what is being reported. In essence the media is engaged in speculative news reporting based on questionable sources, all in retaliation for being used and abused by the Donald.
By now it should be clear to the reader that the myth of objective journalism has existed at least as far back as the O.K. Corral. And that is the fundamental epistemological problem. Even in an era that, arguably, was more literate than today, the citizenry relied on the news organizations to inform them about the important issues of the day and allowed the news they were consuming to shape their individual beliefs about the world and to guide their actions.
In this day and age we find amusement in the various man-on-the-street interviews perpetrated by comedians where they poll random citizens about their views on current events and/or other political subjects. We get a good chuckle about the ignorance displayed in these random interviews where the interviewees agree with certain statements as long as they think they are the views of their chosen candidate and then are shocked to learn that what they truly believe is actually the view of the candidate they oppose.
The epistemological problem is that we really don’t know what we think we know. If the American public were honest and sincere, like the Dude, they would be asking the simple and direct question, “You think the Russians did this?” And if the American media were honest they would respond like Brandt, “Well, we just don’t know”. And that is the problem.